The contamination of ores with wastes or materials of lower than the cut-off grade is referred to as dilution. Dilution is an undesirable phenomenon that, on one hand, reduces the product grade and, consequently, reduces the sales prices and, on the other hand, adds an extra cost to waste production. Therefore, studying and evaluating the dilution risk is important in mining, and especially in underground mining. In this work, using a powerful decision-making method, i. e. Multi-attributive Approximation Area Comparison (MABAC), the dilution risk and ranking it in underground mines are assessed. For this purpose, the most important parameters affecting the dilution in 10 mines of the Venarch manganese mines are first identified and then weighed using the Fuzzy Delphi Analytical Hierarchy Analysis (FDAHP) method. Then using the MABAC method, the dilution risk score for each mine is estimated, and subsequently, various mines are ranked as the dilution risk. Then with the implementation of the Cavity Monitoring System (CMS) and measurement of the actual dilution values, the mines are ranked in dilution. The correct matching of the results of these two rankings indicates that the MABAC method is highly effective in the ranking of the risk. At the end, the risk ranking of the mines is done using the TOPSIS method, and the lack of full compliance with the results of this method with the actual values indicates that the MABAC method is preferable to the TOPSIS method.

Background and objective: One important requirement to create and strengthen Faraja air infrastructure is the location and construction of airports and air bases. Considering the strategic location of the northwestern Borders of the country in the neighborhood of two countries of Azerbaijan and Armenia and the lack of a Police-air base in this Area, the present research was conducted aiming to identify the requirements and considerations to locate an air-police base in the Border region of Aras. Method: This is an analytical-comparative research. In order to identify and understand the spatial patterns of locating a Police-air base, the based graphic statistical models in ArcGIS software environment were used. The statistical population of the research to identify the necessary requirements and considerations related to the location of the military airport is all the sources of internal and external researches and documents in the field of research during 1385 to 1402. The participants in the current research were 10 military and police experts in the relevant field. The hierarchical analysis method was used to analyze the data. A paired comparison questionnaire was used to weight the criteria according to the local conditions of the region and the existing standards. Findings: In the process of research implementation, 10 criteria including: topographical conditions, climate, land use, distance from population centers, distance from river channel, access to communication network, proximity to strategic points, distance from protected Areas, slope and its direction were identified. Conclusion: The research findings show that in order to ensure stable security and protect the Borders in the Border Area of Aras, it is necessary to create a Police-air base. Considering the Border's length and extension, it is an unavoidable necessity to create a Police-air base in this region.

Establishment of Border markets is one of the most well-known methods of economic development of Border Areas, which has been able to create a dramatic change in production, employment, stabilization of Border population, increase in income, and ultimately development and sustainable security in these Areas. The present study examines the role of Mahirood Border market in the security of Nehbandan Border region. This study is of an applied research type and descriptive-analytical. Its statistical population includes all exhibitors, merchants, workers, employees of the private and public sectors in the Mahirood Border market, and local trustees of the region (N=100) in 2019, all of whom were questioned. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined with Cronbach's alpha and was estimated to be 0. 88 for the whole questionnaire. Face validity was employed to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire using the opinions of experts. The data were collected and analyzed using SPSS 24 software. According to the findings of the statistical population, Mahirood Border market has achieved its goals, which is to achieve Border security in Nehbandan region, by 51%, and people believe that the goals of the market have been achieved. These statistics show the positive role of the market in the Border Area for the people. In other words, all research hypotheses regarding the role of Mahirood Border market activity in the realization of Border security of Nehbandan region in different dimensions of development and stabilization of residents (82%), reduction of migration (92%) and expansion of regional infrastructure (85%) had a significant effect and have been confirmed. Accordingly, the major policies of the Islamic Republic in the development of Border markets have been achieved with the aim of creating sustainable security in Border Areas, so it is necessary to expand this policy, of course, in accordance with the principle of using local forces and export development in other sectors.

Border Areas are among the geographical spaces that, despite their high capacities, are sometimes neglected in accordance with their specific conditions. In recent years, tourism in Border Areas has been one of these capacities that has been considered to some extent and along with it has formed the competitive advantage of tourism in these Areas. Based on this, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical method and with an applied purpose to investigate the competitive advantage of tourism between the Baneh Border region and the Border Areas of Jolfa, Piranshahr, Marivan and Mako. The present research has been done in two stages. The first step is to gather the information needed through library studies. In the second stage, based on the information obtained from the tourism situation of the study Area, tourism goals for greater competitiveness of the city in the horizon of 1404 were proposed, then the important strategies to achieve these goals and tourism capabilities of the study Area were entered in Meta-SWOT software. The results show that the lower price of foreign goods compared to other parts of the country, the existence of multiple shopping centers, strategic Border position and high social security have the highest degree of strategic fit with macro factors and is a high competitive advantage for the Baneh Border region. On the other hand, negative propaganda against Border Areas, lack of proper infrastructure for tourism development, international sanctions, government discrimination in allocating facilities to Border Areas were identified as the biggest obstacles to tourism development in Baneh city.

Collapse of former Soviet Union and fall down of eastern block wall are among the major events in the past decade. After this collapse, opening of Iran and Turkmenistan Borders in Khorasan and Golestan provinces resulted in great changes within these two provinces as well as the region including the Border Areas.This paper is a part of a field survey which includes literature review, interviewing with local authorities and people, distributing questionnaires among the residents in the villages of the study Area (using panel study method) and finally local observations. It aimed at investigating the spatial changes happened in the Border Area of Bajgiran after the opening of the Border as compared with before the opening of the Border. Further, it tries to study the role of Border Function changes accordingly.The main assumption of the research is that; "opening of the Border of Iran and Turkmenistan in the Bajgiran region has made some changes in the Border function and these functional transition has created a new geographical space in different fields". There have been spatial and geographical changes in the field of transportation, rural – urban residential Areas, public communications and facilities, establishment of great number of branch offices and governmental and non – governmental organizations as well as change in the population movement process especially in the Bajgiran city, so that there is basic change in the view of this city as compared with before the Border opening.

Background and Objective: All countries need strategic planning to ensure sustainable security. This is especially important in Border Areas because of the sensitivity of these Areas. This study aims to design a sustainable security strategy for the Aras Border region. Methodology: This study is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of implementation. The population of the study consisted of the residents of Aras Border Area and the sample size of 322 people was questioned based on Cochran formula. To collect data, after reviewing the literature, field survey and interviewing experts, a valid and reliable questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha 0. 75) was designed and implemented and the data were analyzed by SWOT technique. Findings and Results: The research showed that the security indicators in the Aras River Border Area are in line with the “ review strategy” . Therefore, opportunities should be sought to address the 'weaknesses' in this region.

In Iran, the Border Areas are at a much lower level than the interior Areas in terms of their development. Solving these problems requires the use of approaches that take steps towards a desirable future by knowing the past and identifying the existing capabilities. Futuristic studies as a new approach can play a significant role in shaping the future by analyzing the existing resources. This study is done to identify the major factors influencing these residential Areas in the next 25 years. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. MicMac software was used to analyze the questionnaire and cross-effects matrix. The results of the study show that there are 21 important factors that influence the future housing situation in Kermanshah province. The most influential variables for the future of the housing system of Kermanshah province are the variables whose alteration can cause a change in the arrangement of housing networks in the province. Variables such as proximity to the international Border, rail and road transportation network, and Border markets are highly influential ones. Five possible situations for the future of the province's housing system were also identified, with the likelihood of each of these situations depending on the attention or lack of attention to each of the variables.

Border markets at every point thrive and grow that Area in many ways. The Chilat Border could also improve the region because of its low distance from Iraqi cities and its high security. In addition to the abundant oil resources, Dehloran has many non-oil resources, including agricultural products, summer fruits, cement and gypsum factories, which is an advantage not only for the city but also for the country in terms of trade. Because of its proximity to the country of Iraq, it is one of the most appropriate Borders for people to travel to the holy places on pilgrimage. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Chilat Border Market on economic, socio-cultural and political improvement of Dehloran region. In terms of its objectives this study is of an applied research type and in terms of data collection method it is considered as an analytical-survey study. The population consisted of 65, 630 residents of Dehloran city. Based on Cochran formula, the sample size was 382. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with reliability coefficient of 0. 896 based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test, exploratory factor analysis) through SPSS24 software were used for data analysis. The results showed that Chilat Border Market has an impact on improving economic status with a mean score of 4. 03, socio-cultural status with a mean score of 3. 80 and political situation with a mean score of 4. 09. The results showed that Chilat Border Market in Dehloran region improves economic, socio-cultural and political situation. Therefore, expanding the market and accelerating the re-opening of the market could improve the situation in Dehloran.

Border security refers to prevention of any act against the law along official Borderlines of a particular state and regulation of the trans-Border passage of individuals, goods, and domestic animals through legally allowed Border crossings while carefully observing legal rules and obligations. Every nation tries its best to keep the Borders totally blocked except for particular Border crossings where trans-Border passage has been allowed upon previous agreements. Many factors affect Border security of a country. The plans and policies adopted by countries to appropriately and effectively control their Borders are among the most important factors contributing to security performance along the Borders. In this respect, careful locating of police stations and Border outposts impose large contributions to efficiently control and management of Borders and the establishment of security along the Borderlines and within the Border Area. The present study aims at investigating and analyzing the factors affecting Border outpost location with the help of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) software tools. In order to extract, examine and analyze the required information, images taken by the OLI sensor on Landsat satellite in 2018 were loaded with ENVI 5.3 software where remote sensing and GIS techniques as well as fuzzy inference system and analytic hierarchical process (AHP) were utilized. Finally, output map was classified into three classes, namely suitable, moderate, and unsuitable land uses. It should be noted that the analyses were performed using 13 criteria, namely land use, slope, Border right-of-way, territory of existing outposts, right-of-way of protected zones, road access, territories of cities and villages, power transmission lines, watersheds, water channels, railways, and faults.